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There are several studies in the literature showing that male and female rats explore novel environments and exhibit different exploration patterns when submitted to different apparatuses. In general, female rats spend more time moving and exploring the apparatuses than males do. A previous study showed that male woodlice (Armadillidium vulgare) explore novel environments in a very similar way to male rats (Rattus norvegicus) when tested in apparatuses analogous to the open-field test and light/dark box. Since that study was conducted only with male rats and woodlice, and since they exhibited very similar patterns of behavior, the present experiment aimed at investigating whether male and female woodlice explore novel environments with different behavioral patterns. Female and male woodlice were tested in the open-field and in the dry/moist box. Results obtained in the open-field test showed that both males and females remained longer in the corners than along the walls and avoided staying in the center. However, females remained longer along the walls and less in the corners. In the dry/moist box, there were no significant differences between the sexes: both females and males remained significantly longer in the moist compartment.
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Anxiety is a major mood disorder, and the high morbidity, co-morbidity and disability of anxiety disorders seriously affect people's quality of life, so the importance and urgency of research on anxiety cannot be overstated. Animal models are the main carriers for studying the mechanism of disease occurrence and development, drug efficacy evaluation and drug development.Unconditioned anxiety model is a common anxiety model.Elevated plus maze test, open field test and light-dark box test are widely accepted paradigms for the detection of unconditioned anxiety.This kind of behavioral paradigm based on environmental exposure takes advantage of the conflict between curiosity and fear of the unfamiliar environment to simulate and detect the anxiety of animals.However, the validity of these behavioral paradigms for evaluating anxiety in animals is questionable.In this paper, we discuss the concept of anxiety, the definition of anxiety behavior in the behavioral test of unconditioned anxiety, and the factors to be considered in the test of unconditioned anxiety behavior.On this basis, new solutions were proposed to the contradictions and blind spots in order to improve the test paradigm of anxiety behavior and provide a more reliable animal model for the evaluation of anxiety.This paper presents a new approach to address the contradictions and blind spots of this paradigm.
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Background: Anxiety is one of the most prominent psychiatry disorders related to common stress. Approximately two-thirds of anxious patients respond to currently available treatments but the magnitude of problem is still disappointing. Ocimum sanctum (OS), a perennial shrub grown in India, has anti-stress activity. Yet, there is a paucity of data regarding this. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the anti-anxiolytic effect of OS leaf extract (OSLE) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test are standardized tests done for screening anxiolytic effects of drugs. The animals were grouped and the tests were conducted and the results were compared with the standard drug diazepam. Results: There was significant increase in the time spent in open arm and number of open arm entries in the diazepam group and group receiving OSLE at dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in EPM test. Furthermore, in the open field test, there was significant increase in the number of square crossed and rearing in the diazepam group and OSLE at dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: OSLE shows significant anxiolytic effect in EPM and open field test models in Swiss albino mice. This can be further studied to open up new possibilities for new drug development for anxiety.
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Abstract Ayahuasca (AYA) is a psychedelic beverage with therapeutic potential for many mood and anxiety disorders. Although there are some preclinical studies, no published reports have tested the behavioral effects of AYA gavage in animal models. This investigation aimed to characterize the behavior of Wistar rats after acute ingestion of AYA for 40 min in the open field test (OFT). The sample consisted of three experimental groups treated with different dosages of AYA (125, 250, or 500 mg kg-1) and a control group. Each group consisted of 10 participants. After gavage, the number of crossings of the OFT grid lines, latency to enter the central area of the device, grooming frequency, and time spent in the central perimeter of the device were immediately evaluated. Analyses were based on one-way ANOVA and a linear-regression mixture model for longitudinal data. AYA intake did not interfere with habituation. The 500 mg kg-1 group showed a decrease in the time spent in the center of the device and in the number of crossings compared to the control group in the last 10 min. These results suggest that gavage with AYA did not interfere with the results, and the behavioral effects were perceived only between 30 and 40 min after gavage. Taken together, the results indicate that three aspects should be considered in OFT studies of AYA acute effects: the moment when the observation starts, the observation period, and the AYA dosage.
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Animals , Male , Rats , Behavior/classification , Banisteriopsis/adverse effects , Behavioral Research/instrumentation , Open Field Test , Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy , Hallucinogens/adverse effectsABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Formaldehyde (FA), which is an indispensable chemical substance in anatomy and pathology, is a very harmful substance for living things. In our study, the purpose was to investigate the changes in behavior of rats exposed to subchronic formaldehyde with open field test. We divided 24 Wistar-Albino rats into 3 groups. The first group (n=8) was identified as the control group, and normal air breathing was ensured. Low-dose FA (mean 1 ppm) was inhaled in the second group, and high-dose FA (mean 10 ppm) was inhaled in the third group. FA exposure was done for 4 hours, 12 weeks, and 5 days a week. The rats were subjected to open field test during the first week and the last week of FA exposure. We observed significant decreases in the number of vertical movements and grooming in rats in the experimental group compared to the control group in the open field test (p 0.05). As a conclusion, we can argue that FA causes changes in the behaviors of rats regardless of dose and duration.
RESUMEN: El formaldehído (FA), una sustancia química indispensable en la anatomía y patología, pero es un elemento sumamente nocivo para todos los seres vivos., El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue investigar los cambios en el comportamiento de ratas expuestas a formaldehído subcrónico con prueba de campo abierto. Utilizamos 24 ratas Wistar-Albino divididas en 3 grupos. El primer grupo (n = 8) se identificó como el grupo de control y se aseguró una respiración normal de aire. En el segundo grupo se inhalaron dosis bajas de FA (media de 1 ppm) y en el tercer grupo se inhalaron dosis altas de FA (media de 10 ppm). La exposición a FA se realizó durante 4 horas, 12 semanas y 5 días a la semana. Las ratas fueron sometidas a una prueba de campo abierto durante la primera semana y la última semana de exposición a FA. Observamos disminuciones significativas en el número de movimientos verticales y acicalamiento en ratas en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control en la prueba de campo abierto (p 0,05). Como conclusión, podemos argumentar que la AF provoca cambios en el comportamiento de las ratas independientemente de la dosis y la duración.
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Animals , Female , Rats , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Formaldehyde/toxicity , Rats, Wistar , Formaldehyde/administration & dosage , Open Field TestABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To observe the neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity of maternal exposure to 1-bromopropane(1-BP) on the offspring rats by the breast-feeding route. Method A total of eight specific pathogen free female rats and their 64 male newborn rats were divided into the control group and the exposure group, with four lactation female rats and their 32 male newborn rats in each group. The female rats in exposure group were intragastrically administered with 700.00 mg/kg body mass of 1-BP during lactation, and the control group was given equal volume of corn oil for 21 days, once a day. The body mass of female rats and their offspring rats were measured during the exposure period. After exposure, the Morris water maze and the open field tests were performed in male offspring. The blood samples of offspring were collected for blood routine and blood biochemical indexes detection. The histopathological examination was performed in the hippocampus in the male offspring. RESULTS: A litter of eight pups in the exposure group began to die one day after the mother rat was exposed to 1-BP, and all rats died on the ninth day after exposure. There was no significant difference in the body mass of female rats between the exposure group and the control group(P>0.05). The body mass of offspring rats in the exposure group was lower than that in the control group at the same time point from the first day to the 21 st day of the female rats exposed to 1-BP(all P<0.05). In the orientation navigation experiment, the escape latency time on the first, the second day and the total distance on the first day in the offspring of the exposure group were significantly prolonged than those in the control group at the same time points(all P<0.05). The number of times of crossing the platform of offspring rats in the exposure group was less than that in the control group in the spatial exploration test(P<0.01). In the open field test, there was not statistical significance of the activity, rest time ratio, total distance, the distance ratio and time ratio in the central region in the offspring between the two groups(all P>0.05). The counts of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and average red blood cell width, platelet ratio and average platelet volume of the offspring of the exposure group decreased(all P<0.05), the serum levels of globulin, total protein, triacylglycerol and total bilirubin decreased(all P<0.05), and the albumin/globulin ratio and serum glucose level increased(all P<0.05), when compared with that of the control group. Histopathological examination results showed that the nerve fibers were loose in the hippocampal dentate gyrus area, and there were necrotic neurons and loss of nerve fibers in the CA1 area of the offspring rats. CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to 1-BP during lactation can induce neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity to offspring rats. The neurotoxicity mainly caused damage to the central nerve system, which affected the learning and memory function of the offspring rats. The reason may be related to the damage caused by 1-BP on the hippocampal function.
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Nucleic acids in plant tissue lysates can be captured quickly by a cellulose filter paper and prepared for amplification after a quick purification. In this study, a published filter paper strip method was modified by sticking the filter paper on a polyvinyl chloride resin (PVC) sheet. This modified method is named EZ-D, for EASY DNA extraction. Compared with the original cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method, DNA extracted by EZ-D is more efficient in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification due to the more stable performance of the EZ-D stick. The EZ-D method is also faster, easier, and cheaper. PCR analyses showed that DNA extracted from several types of plant tissues by EZ-D was appropriate for specific identification of biological samples. A regular PCR reaction can detect the EZ-D-extracted DNA template at concentration as low as 0.1 ng/μL. Evaluation of the EZ-D showed that DNA extracts could be successfully amplified by PCR reaction for DNA fragments up to 3000 bp in length and up to 80% in GC content. EZ-D was successfully used for DNA extraction from a variety of plant species and plant tissues. Moreover, when EZ-D was combined with the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method, DNA identification of biological samples could be achieved without the need for specialized equipment. As an optimized DNA purification method, EZ-D shows great advantages in application and can be used widely in laboratories where equipment is limited and rapid results are required.
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O fipronil é um inseticida de toxicidade seletiva amplamente empregado na agricultura e na medicina veterinária. Porém, há relatos de efeitos neurotóxicos dessa substância, que geram prejuízos para vertebrados. Avaliou-se a atividade locomotora, a coordenação motora e a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase cerebral em ratos expostos ao fipronil. Ratos Wistar machos adultos (n=15) receberam fipronil em dose de 30mg/kg, por via oral, durante 15 dias; o grupo controle (n=15) foi tratado com solução fisiológica, por via oral, no mesmo período. No 16° dia de experimentação, os animais foram submetidos aos testes de arena de campo aberto e hole board. No 17° dia, foram anestesiados e eutanasiados, procedendo-se à coleta de órgãos, e posteriormente foi feita a avaliação da AChE cerebral. A exposição ao fipronil não provocou alterações significativas sobre a coordenação motora e a atividade locomotora, porém gerou inibição significativa da atividade da acetilcolinesterase cerebral. Esses achados sugerem que o fipronil pode provocar efeitos neurotóxicos em curto prazo, os quais podem ser exacerbados caso a exposição seja prolongada.(AU)
Fipronil is a selective-toxicity insecticide widely used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. However, there are reports of neurotoxic effects of this substance, causing damages to vertebrates. We evaluated the locomotor activity, motor coordination and the activity of brain acetylcholinesterase in rats exposed to fipronil. Adult male Wistar rats (n= 15) received fipronil at a dose of 30mg/kg orally for 15 days; the Control group (n= 15) was treated with oral solution in the same period. On the 16th day of experimentation, the animals were submitted to the open field arena test and hole-board test. On the 17th day, they were anesthetized and euthanized, and organs were collected, and subsequently brain AChE was evaluated. Exposure to fipronil yielded no significant changes on motor coordination and locomotor activity but caused significant inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity. These findings suggest that fipronil may cause short-term neurotoxic effects, which may be exacerbated if exposure is prolonged.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Pesticides/toxicity , Acetylcholinesterase/analysis , Pesticide Exposure , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/veterinary , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
This work investigates the effects of Guilingji (GLJ) on D-galactose-induced aging and changes in serum metabolites by UHPLC-Q exactive orbitrap-MS in rats. The rat model of aging by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (300 mg·kg-1) was used to analyze the effect of different concentrations of GLJ (37.5, 75, 150 mg·kg-1) on an open field test in aging rats. Rat serum was collected after 8 weeks and subjected to LC-MS to analyze the anti-aging effect of GLJ. Animal experimentation was approved according to the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Shanxi University (SXULL2014032). GLJ significantly improved the autonomous activity of rats. Compared with the control group, 23 metabolites in the treated group changed significantly, involving three main pathways. The group that was given GLJ had altered regulation of 4 serum metabolites in two pathways. Our results indicate that GLJ can delay aging behavior in rats; the mechanism of this anti-ageing effect remains to be determined.
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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of a visual field (VF) test on intraocular pressure (IOP) and relevant parameters in a normal group and an open-angle glaucoma group, and to determine the appropriate time of IOP measurements.METHODS: The IOP was measured by a rebound tonometer before and after a VF test for the normal, normal-tension glaucoma, and high-tension glaucoma groups, and IOP differences after the VF tests were compared among groups. Parameters including age, sex, axial length, central corneal thickness, IOP before the VF test, the VF index, mean deviation, VF test duration, and usage of IOP lowering medications were investigated, and the correlations of these parameters with IOP changes after VF tests were determined using linear regression analyses.RESULTS: A total of 232 participants (232 eyes) included 55 normal subjects, 131 normal-tension glaucoma patients, and 46 high-tension glaucoma patients. The IOP differences after VF tests were not statistically significant in the normal and high-tension glaucoma groups, and the difference was 0.31 mmHg in the normal-tension glaucoma group (p = 0.013). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that axial length (p = 0.005) and IOP before the VF test (p < 0.001) were relevant factors in the total number of patients, and the axial length (p = 0.017), IOP before the VF test (p = 0.001), and duration (p = 0.029) were found to be significantly associated with IOP differences in the normal-tension glaucoma group.CONCLUSIONS: The IOP changes after VF tests using the rebound tonometer were significant in the normal-tension glaucoma group, but were within an acceptable range. The IOP value measured after a VF test is clinically valid in clinical practice.
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Humans , Glaucoma , Glaucoma, Open-Angle , Intraocular Pressure , Linear Models , Low Tension Glaucoma , Visual Field Tests , Visual FieldsABSTRACT
@#AIM: To evaluate visual field of the unilateral visually impaired applicants by a custom program test of Humphrey perimeter, which was indispensable for car driving.<p>METHODS: A retrospective study was performed. The process of a custom defined Humphrey ‘1 EYE Screening' program was set covers field region from temporal 90° to nasal 60°, and over 30° vertically away from the horizontal line. The candidates were qualified eligibility by range of visual field and reliability of the results. This study conducted statistics on the applicants who fulfilled the test from July 1st, 2016 to June 30th, 2017, and compared the impact factors of the pass rate.<p>RESULTS: After excluding repeated measurement reports, this study included 618 subjects, the most common causes of these eyes impaired were ocular trauma(49.7%)and unhealed amblyopia(29.3%). A total of 497 candidates(80.4%)passed the test. 85 of the 121 failure cases(70.2%)were due to a limitation of the nasal visual field(less than 60°), and 12 cases were failed by fixation loss because of nystagmus or poor cooperation. Compared with the test failure group, the subjects in the passing group are older, the average correct response points is more, and the average test time is shorter, all with statistically significant differences(<i>P</i><0.05). In the passing group, the proportion of subjects with equivalent spherical mirror <0.5D was 77.5%, which was significantly higher than 62.8% in the failure group(χ2=7.264, <i>P</i>=0.007).<p>CONCLUSION: The custom program ‘1 EYE Screening' of Humphrey perimetry can be used to qualify eligibility of driving for unilateral visual impaired applicants. In order to prevent peripheral interfering from eye frames, corneal contact lenses were recommended for applicants with refractive errors.
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@#AIM: To evaluate visual field of the unilateral visually impaired applicants by a custom program test of Humphrey perimeter, which was indispensable for car driving.<p>METHODS: A retrospective study was performed. The process of a custom defined Humphrey ‘1 EYE Screening' program was set covers field region from temporal 90° to nasal 60°, and over 30° vertically away from the horizontal line. The candidates were qualified eligibility by range of visual field and reliability of the results. This study conducted statistics on the applicants who fulfilled the test from July 1st, 2016 to June 30th, 2017, and compared the impact factors of the pass rate.<p>RESULTS: After excluding repeated measurement reports, this study included 618 subjects, the most common causes of these eyes impaired were ocular trauma(49.7%)and unhealed amblyopia(29.3%). A total of 497 candidates(80.4%)passed the test. 85 of the 121 failure cases(70.2%)were due to a limitation of the nasal visual field(less than 60°), and 12 cases were failed by fixation loss because of nystagmus or poor cooperation. Compared with the test failure group, the subjects in the passing group are older, the average correct response points is more, and the average test time is shorter, all with statistically significant differences(<i>P</i><0.05). In the passing group, the proportion of subjects with equivalent spherical mirror <0.5D was 77.5%, which was significantly higher than 62.8% in the failure group(χ2=7.264, <i>P</i>=0.007).<p>CONCLUSION: The custom program ‘1 EYE Screening' of Humphrey perimetry can be used to qualify eligibility of driving for unilateral visual impaired applicants. In order to prevent peripheral interfering from eye frames, corneal contact lenses were recommended for applicants with refractive errors.
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Objective • To explore whether different test indicators and observation periods in contextual fear conditioning test affect the detection effectiveness of learning and memory ability of 5XFAD transgenic mice. Methods • Twelve 4-month-old female 5XFAD transgenic progeny mice and 14 4-month-old female LM progeny mice were selected, which were produced by crossing male 5XFAD transgenic mice and female C57BL/6 mice, to conduct open field test and contextual fear conditioning test in succession. Total distance and velocity in open field test and average motion index in the first 60 s of training stage in contextual fear conditioning test of the two groups of mice were used to evaluate the difference of locomotor activity. Besides, the first 180 s, 181-360 s and the first 300 s of testing stage for observation were selected to evaluate the selection effects on percent freeze and activity suppression ratio. Then further investigation was launched to explore the effects of different observation periods on the detection effectiveness of percent freeze and activity suppression ratio. Results • The differences of total distance and total velocity of the two groups of mice in open field test were not statistically significant, however the average motion index in the first 60 s of training stage in contextual fear conditioning test of 5XFAD transgenic mice was significantly higher than that of LM mice (P=0.027). The comparison of percent freeze among the three groups of observation periods of LM mice had significant difference (both P<0.05), while there was no statistical significance in activity suppression ratio. The comparisons of percent freeze and activity suppression ratio among the three groups of observation periods of 5XFAD mice had no significant difference. The differences of percent freeze between 5XFAD mice and LM mice was not statistically significant during the three observation periods. However, the activity suppression ratio of 5XFAD mice was significantly higher than that of LM mice in the first 180 s (P=0.038), in the other two observation periods the difference of activity suppression ratio between the two groups of mice was not statistically significant. Conclusion • The average motion index detected in training stage in contextual fear conditioning test is more sensitive than total distance and total velocity detected in open field test for evaluating locomotor activity of 5XFAD mice. In contextual fear conditioning test, different observation periods have effects on the value of percent freeze provided by single strain of mice, while the value of activity suppression ratio remains unaffected. Activity suppression ratio is more precise than percent freeze to reflect the cognitive deficiency of 5XFAD mice. It is more accurate to select the first 180 s of testing stage for observation.
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Background: Anxiety is a state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components, associated with significant disability. The pharmacotherapy for anxiety remains limited for achievable safety and tolerability of the medicines. Benzodiazepines use associated with side effects like psychomotor impairment and addiction liability. Due to the ADRs associated with antianxiety drugs, the drug trials have focused on screening herbal medicines that are reportedly used in the treatment of anxiety and which have minimal side effects.Methods: The anxiolytic activity was examined by using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT), forty Albino wistar strain rats of both sex of weighing 120 to 200 g were divided into four groups of ten rats each.. Group 1 received vehicle (normal saline); group 2 received diazepam (1 mg/kg); groups 3 and 4 received BacoMind�, 30 and 60 mg/kg oral, respectively.Results: Rats treated with diazepam (1 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant (p<0.001) increase in the percentage of open arms entries and time spent whereas, in closed arm the number of entries and time spent were significantly (p<0.05) decreased. Intraperitonial administration of BacoMind� extract of plant Bacopa monnieri Linn. exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of open arm entries and time spent with significant (p<0.05) reduction in number of entries and time spent in the closed arm as compared to group 1. BacoMind� treated rats also produced significant increase in the number of rearings (p<0.05), assisted rearings and number of squares crossed (p<0.01).Conclusions: BacoMind� extract of plant Bacopa monnieri Linn possess significant anxiolytic activity in the rats. It can be a promising anxiolytic agent.
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Background: Anxiety involved panic attacks either having or not having social fear, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder as well as separation anxiety disorder is known to be marked mental diseases. It is related to high medical cost and a significant load of disease. Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is a mushroom and possesses immunemodulating and antimicrobial effects both in-vivo and in-vitro and as well as it has been used to treat cancer, hepatitis, dermatitis, and hyperlipidemia traditionally. Method: In this experiment evaluation of anxiolytic effect of AbM on mice has been done by using Elevated Plus Maze test, open field test and motor co-ordination test by rotarod. Mice (Mus musculus) weighing 22-25 grams, were divided into 4 groups (n=6). Oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM was utilized in 2 doses i.e. 136.5 mg/kg and 273 mg/kg. Group, I received vehicle (distilled water 10 ml/kg), p.o. Group II received standard (diazepam 1 mg/kg), i.p. Group III and IV orally received hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.5 mg/kg and 273 mg/kg, respectively). Result: In Elevated Plus Maze test, oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.5 mg/kg and 273 mg/kg, respectively) exhibited significant (p<0.01) elevation in the percentage of number of open arm entries (48.0 ± 1.1% and 48.93 ± 2.1% respectively) and time spent in open arm (14.92 ± 1.9% and 84.17 ± 2.4%). Conclusion: Hence it is concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM can be a new therapeutic agent to treat anxiety.
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Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by scrub typhus in Guangxi, to evaluate the incidence of AKI, and to search for the prediction indicators of AKI. Methods Data of 211 patients from The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from 2014 to 2018 were collected and divided into AKI group (58 cases) and non-acute kidney injury (NAKI) group (153 cases). The auxiliary examination, treatment measures and complications of the two groups were compared. Regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors associated with AKI. Results There were 58 cases (27.49%,95% CI: 1.66-1.76, P<0.001) with AKI and 166 cases were all negative in the field test. Compared with the NAKI group, the incidence and need rate of AKI were higher than NAKI group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that blood system damage (OR=4.536, 95% CI: 1.262-16.308), the use of hormones (OR=3.261, 95% CI: 1.259-8.446) and diuretics (OR=3.870, 95% CI: 1.186-12.633) were risk factors for AKI. Low direct bilirubin (OR=0.952, 95% CI: 0.915-0.991) was a protective factor. Conclusion The incidence of scrub typhus induced AKI in Guangxi is in the middle level at domestic and abroad. Patients with scrub typhus who have complications of blood system damage and have to be treated with hormones and diuretics are risk factors for AKI.
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Background: Anxiety affects around 7.3% of the total population worldwide. Benzodiazepines are preferred anxiolytic agents and are still frequently used in spite of the side effect profile including muscle relaxation, memory disturbances, sedation, physical dependence. Arnica montana, a traditional herb is known to possess significant anxiolytic effect at the dose of 100mg/kg. In this study, Arnica montana has been compared for the first time with alprazolam, a most commonly used anxiolytic drug.Methods: Forced swim test was used to induce anxiety. Anxiolytic action of study drugs which were given orally, was evaluated using Open field test (OFT) in healthy wistar rats of either sex. Behavior of rats, locomotion and number of squares crossed was recorded. Rats were divided into four groups with eight rats in each group. Study groups were Group I Control; Group II Alprazolam 0.08mg/kg; Group III Arnica montana extract (AME) 100mg/kg; Group IV AME + Alprazolam group 100mg/kg+0.08mg/kg. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA followed by Tukey抯 test (p<0.05).Results: Increase in frequency of rearing was significant (p<0.05) in AME group and highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group in comparison to control. Decrease in frequency of grooming was highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group. AME also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in grooming activity.Conclusions: Arnica montana extract showed anxiolytic activity and can be used as an add on drug after further studies and validation in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Diabetic macular edema is the major cause of vision impairment in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.Thickness and pathological alterations in each retina layer of diabetic macular edema (DME) patients can be performed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) device.And retinal light sensitivity at specific retinal point and fixation state can be detected by microperimetry qualitatively and quantitatively.Moreover,OCT can discover pathological anatomical changes in the retina of DME patients,thus facilitating the interpretation of the structure-function relationship in DME with combination of microperimetry results.At present,there are various therapies for DME patients,and the primary method in evaluating therapeutic efficacy is to compare the pathological changes in the retina before and after treatment by OCT.Besides,microperimetry can provide information in visual function restoration.The combined application of OCT and microperimetry has broad prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of DME patients.
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Objective To measure and analyze the behavioral changes of Rncat congenital cataract mice. Methods Normal BALB/c mice and KM mice were used as control group,and inbred and random mated Rncat congenital cataract mice were used as experimental group. Behavioral tests, including the open field test, coat-hanger test, forced swimming test,and tail suspension test,were conducted on the mice. Results Compared with the inbred Rncat congenital cataract mice,the residence time in the open field test,the immobility time in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test of the BALB/c mice, randomly-mated Rncat congenital cataract mice and KM mice were significantly different. Conclusions There are certain differences in behavioral performance between the Rncat congenital cataract mice and the other mice. Our findings may provide a useful reference for future researchers.
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BACKGROUND: Kinovea software that tracking semi-automatically the motion in video screen has been used to study motion-related tasks in several studies. However, the validation of this software in open field test to assess locomotor activity have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of this software in analyzing locomotor activities.METHODS: Thirty male Institute Cancer Research mice were subjected in this study. The results examined by this software and the classical method were compared. Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The validity of this software was analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient.RESULTS: This software showed good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.997, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.975–0.994, p < 0.001). This software also showed good inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.987, 95% CI=0.973–0.994, p < 0.001). Furthermore, in three analyses for the validity of this software, there were significant correlations between two methods (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.928–0.972, p < 0.001). In addition, this software showed good reliability and validity in the analysis locomotor activity according to time interval.CONCLUSION: This study showed that this software in analyzing drug-induced locomotor activity has good reliability and validity. This software can be effectively used in animal study using the analysis of locomotor activity.